Thrasymachus’ Views on Justice

The position Thrasymachus takes on the definition of justice, as well as its importance in society, is one far differing from the opinions of the other interlocutors in the first book of Plato’s Republic. Embracing his role as a Sophist in Athenian society, Thrasymachus sets out to aggressively dispute Socrates’ opinion that justice is a beneficial and valuable aspect of life and the ideal society. Throughout the course of the dialogue, Thrasymachus formulates three major assertions regarding justice. These claims include his opinion that â€Å"justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger,† â€Å"it is just to obey the rulers,† and â€Å"justice is really the good of another [†¦] and harmful to the one who obeys and serves. † Socrates continuously challenges these claims using what is now known as the â€Å"Socratic method† of questioning, while Thrasymachus works to defend his views. This paper seeks to argue the implausibility of Thrasymachus’ views through an analysis of his main claims regarding justice, as well as his view that injustice brings greater happiness. In Book I of Republic, Socrates attempts to define justice with the help of his friends and acquaintances. After a number of suggestions prove false or insufficient, Thrasymachus tries his hand to define the term, convinced that his definition rings true. Thrasymachus begins in stating, â€Å"justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger,1† and after prodding, explains what he means by this. Thrasymachus believes that the stronger rule society, therefore, creating laws and defining to the many what should be considered just. He pertains, however, that the stronger create said laws for their own benefit and therefore in acting justly, the ruled are performing for the rulers benefit and not their own. This argument is not feasible for a variety of reasons. One of the key characteristics of justice is fairness, which can also be defined as being reasonable or impartial. 5 Impartiality means that you do not favour one side over another6, and therefore implies that if one were to act justly and therefore impartially, they would not act in a way to benefit only a select few. Furthermore, justice in its true form cannot be used solely for the advantage of the stronger without the masses acknowledging the injustices being imposed upon them, as Thrasymachus suggests is the case. For justice is one of the many characteristics of morality, which is considered to be intrinsic based on an inner conviction. 7 Therefore, if the many were acting against said inner conviction wholly for the benefit of the stronger, would they not experience a natural feeling of injustice? This argument alike can be used to refute another of Thrasymachus’ primary claims that â€Å"justice is really the good of another [†¦] and harmful to the one who obeys and serves. †3 In addition to his definition, Thrasymachus argues the value of justice as a human or societal characteristic, claiming that injustice is far more beneficial to the individual. Thrasymachus asserts that tyranny: makes the doer of injustice happiest and the sufferers of it, who are unwilling to do injustice, most wretched. †¦] injustice, if it is on a large enough scale, is stronger, freer, and more masterly than justice. 5 To decide whether an unjust man finds more happiness than a just man does, one must understand the true meaning of the word. The dictionary defines happiness as â€Å"characterized by pleasure, contentment, or joy. †8 Thrasymachus typifies the unjust man as someone who is constantly seeking self-fulfillment, pleasing their desires no matter what the cost to others. It is in their nature to never be satisfied with what they have, and therefore it is unlikely that the unjust man could ever experience true contentment. In contrast, the just man is content upholding laws and acting for the greater good and is therefore capable of experiencing a greater happiness than one who partakes in injustices. The dictionary goes on to state that happiness can also be defined as â€Å"feeling satisfied that something is right or has been done right. 8 Thus, an unjust man could never truly be happy, as they are aware of the injustices they have committed unto others in order to benefit themselves. In addition, if one is to look to the cardinal virtues, not only is justice itself included, temperance is as well. Temperance, meaning â€Å"restraint in the face of temptation or desire†9 is not a characteristic of an unjust man. In fact, Thrasymachus argues that one should always seek to fulfill their own desires exercising injustice as a way to do so. Virtue is said to be a measure of one’s worth, therefore, in turning their back on it, an unjust man could never be as self fulfilled and happy as a virtuous one. The first book of Republic illustrates a diverse range of views in reference to the definition of justice. None, however, evokes such controversy and analysis as Thrasymachus’ dialogue. His point of view calls to the forefront a number of important questions regarding the issue, and is an essential piece to Plato’s puzzle of defining justice. Thrasymachus’s arguments in and of themselves, however, are implausible as discussed above. Not only does his claim that â€Å"justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger,†1 go against morality and assume the masses naive, but his attempt to prove that the unjust man is happier than the just man is insufficient and untrue. Works Cited Encarta World English Dictionary. 2004 Plato. The Republic. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Revised by C. D. C. Reeve. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 1992. 382c

“a Contemporary View on Health Care System in Bangladesh.”

CHAPTER – 1 Introduction 1. 0 origin and background of the report The report ‘‘A Contemporary view on Health Care System in Bangladesh’’ is the outcome of Internship Program which is a precondition for acquiring MBA Degree. Only curriculum activities are not enough for handling the real business environment, so it is necessary to get the better knowledge about the real scenario. The report is a requirement of the internship program for my MBA Degree. Conduction of Internship/ Dissertation started on 20th December 2009 and ended on 12th February 2010.My internship supervisor at International Islamic University Chittagong, Dhaka Campus, Mr. R M Nasrullah Zaidi assigned me the topic of my report. The reason behind choosing this topic is getting a clear picture of the health sector of Bangladesh. Working on this topic gives me an opportunity to understand the Problem and prospect of health care system in Bangladesh. In today’s world of globalizatio n Thiland is seeking to encourage â€Å"health tourist† to its country under the banner of ‘Thailand: Centre of Excellent Health Care of Asia’, India is building an e-health industry and Singapore is building hospitals abroad.When scenarios are like that where the health sector of Bangladesh ? Here we try to get a idea about what is the real scenario of various related issues like access to health-relate knowledge and technology, the provision of new hospital and aliened health institution and the availability of health professionals. 1. 1 objectives of the report The objective of my study divided into two segments: 1. 1. 1 Primary Objective The primary objective of this report is to meet the requirements of the course, OCP 5900, Internship. 1. 1. 2 Secondary ObjectiveThe secondary objectives are: * To confer a clear picture of National health senario. * To know about list and capacity of existing Hospital & clinic * To know about manpower supply capacity and req uirement * To know about Morbidity and its rate * To know about Available alternative or traditional medical care system. * To know about health education of mass people * To know about government structure- health system * To know about demographic structure of population * To know about role of different institution in respect of Health Care 1. methodology I have planned to perform the task in four stages: Step 1 Planning of the work Step 2 Data collection Step 3 Analysis and interpretation of data Step 4 Drawing conclusions and recommendations The first stage is the most important stage. I have allocated enormous time for this stage. I am emphasizing on thorough and detailed planning. Planning includes detailed methodology and scheduling of the remaining three stages. I am also emphasizing on documenting detailed planning which would serve as a guideline and performance measure for the whole report.The second stage is the data collection stage. I have planned to collect data in t hree main phases. * Collect data from internet, different books and medical journals. * Conduct interviews with selected representatives from different level of health professionals. This phase actually concentrates on clarification and elaboration of data collected from the first phase. * Conduct interviews and communicate with health providers who are in the front line. This phase actually concentrates on accumulating data for the overall scenario. The third stage is the analysis and interpretation of data.In this stage I would use some statistical and graphical analysis tools to interpret the relationship among different variables and factors. The fourth stage is the stage for drawing conclusions and prescribing recommendations. In this stage the results from the previous stage would be used to draw conclusions about different aspects of concerned matters within the organization and prescribe some recommendation for future improvement. The project is base on both primary and seco ndary information. Primary Source: * Informal discussion with employees of UHL. Observation while working in different desks * Interview with health care providers. Secondary Sources: * Official Web Site of UHL * Annual Reports of Ministry of Health * Various Manuals and Brochures of DG Health * Different publications of WHO. 1. 3 scope This report solely deals with the health related information of Bangladesh. Here we try to accumulate information from various topics that have role with the health system of a country. The project is based on both primary and secondary information. Health system is a very vast area to work; thousands of issues are related here.Here we make some major segment to discuss like national health status, health care delivery system, facility based health service, leading public health problems and health education. 1. 4 limitations 1. The major limitation faced in preparing this report is the enormous number of parameters that have relationship to the heal th care system of a country. 2. Less availability of data at all tiers of service providing especially in the private sector. 3. Less accessibility to data due to shortage of time and proper arrangement and at the same time the authenticity of data not beyond questions. 4.Health sector requires few specified technical knowhow for better understanding. Being a non medical background some time face some problem to understand technical terminology and frequently needed explanation and further study. CHAPTER – 2 Bangladesh: National Health Status 2. 0Location and Geography Bangladesh was emerged as an independent and sovereign country in 1971 following a nine months war of liberation. The country is one of the largest deltas of the world with a total area of 147,570 sq km. Being a low-lying country it stretches latitudinal between 20? 34†² and 26? 38†² north and longitudinally between 88? 01†² and 92? 1†² east. It is mostly surrounded by Indian Territory (West Bengal, Tripura, Assam and Meghalaya), except for a small strip in the southeast by Myanmar. Bay of Bengal lies on the south. The standard time of the country is GMT +6 hrs. 2. 1History Bangladesh has a glorious history and rich heritage. Once it was known as ‘Sonar Bangla' or the ‘Golden Bengal'. The territory now constituting Bangladesh was under the Muslim rule for over five and a half centuries from 1201 to 1757 AD. Subsequently, it came under the British rule following the defeat of the sovereign ruler, Nawab Sirajuddaula, at the battle of Plessey on 23 June 1757.The British ruled over the Indian subcontinent including this land for nearly 190 years from 1757 to 1947. During that period, Bangladesh was a part of the British Indian provinces of Bengal and Assam. With the termination of British rule in August 1947, the sub-continent was partitioned into India and Pakistan. Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan and was called ‘East Pakistan'. 2. 2Physiography With a bout half of its surface below the 10 m contour line, Bangladesh is located at the lowermost reaches of three mighty river systems -the Ganges-Padma river system, Brahmaputra-Jamuna river system and Surma-Meghna river system.Coinciding with the division of the country based on altitude the land can be divided into three major categories of physical units: Tertiary hills, Pleistocene uplands and Recent plains (formed in recent epoch). The heavy monsoon rainfall coupled with the low altitude of major parts of the country makes floods an annual phenomenon in Bangladesh. Quaternary (began about 2 million years ago and extends to the present) sediments, deposited mainly by the Ganges, Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and Meghna rivers and their numerous distributaries, cover about three-quarters of Bangladesh.The physiography and the drainage pattern of the vast alluvial plains in the central, northern and western regions have gone under considerable alterations in recent times. In the context of ph ysiography, Bangladesh may be classified into three distinct regions: (a) floodplains, (b) terraces and (c) hills, each having distinguishing characteristics of its own. The physiography of the country has been divided into 24 sub-regions and 54 units. 2. 3Climate Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon-type climate, with a hot and rainy summer and a dry winter.January is the coolest month with temperatures averaging near 260 C (780 F) and April is the warmest with temperatures from 330 to 360 C (910 to 960 F). The climate is one of the wettest in the world. Most places receive more than 1,525 mm of rain a year, and areas near the hills receive 5,080 mm). Most rains occur during the monsoon (June-September) and little in winter (November-February). Bangladesh has warm temperatures throughout the year, with relatively little variation from month to month. January tends to be the coolest month and May the warmest.In Dhaka, the average January temperature is about 19 °C (about 66 °F), an d the average May temperature is about 29 °C (about 84 °F). 2. 4Administration From the administrative point of view, Bangladesh is divided into 6 Divisions, 64 Districts, 6 City Corporations, 308 Municipalities, 482 Upazilas and 4498 Unions. The six administrative division's are namely, Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal and Sylhet. The country is governed by the Parliamentary Democracy and it has a unitary National Parliament, nameBangladesh Jatiya Sangsad. There are 40 Ministries and 12 Divisions.The Ministry of Health ; Family Welfare is one of largest ministries in the country. At the national level, the Ministry oHealth ; Family Welfare (MOHFW) is responsible for policy, planning and decision making atmacro level. Under MOHFW, there are four Directorates, viz. , Directorate General of HealthServices, Directorate General of Family Planning, Directorate of Nursing Services and Directorate of Drug Administration. Beside, there are a separate National Nutrition Proje (NNP)and Construction, Maintanance and Management Unit (CMMU). . 5Economy Bangladesh has an agrarian economy, although the share of agriculture to GDP has beendecreasing over the last few years. Yet it dominates the economy accommodating major rural labour force. From marketing point of view, Bangladesh has been following a mixed economy that operates on free market principles. The GDP of Bangladesh is 6. 21% and per capitincome is US$ 599. The principal industries of the country include readymade garments,textiles, chemical fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, tea processing, sugar, leather goods etc.Theprincipal mineral includes Natural gas, Coal, white clay, glass sand etc. 2. 6Communication The transport system of Bangladesh consists of roads, railways, inland waterways, two sea ports, maritime shipping and civil aviation catering for both domestic and international traffic. Presentlythere are about 21,000 km of paved roads; 2,706 route-kilometres of railways (BG-884km and MG -1,822 km ); 3,800 km of perennial waterways which increases to 6,000 km durinthe monsoon, 2 seaports (Chittagong and Chalna) and 3 international (Dhaka, Chittagong andSylhet) and 8 domestic airports. . 7Religion and Culture The majority (about 88%) of the people are Muslim. Over 98% of the people speak in Bangla. English, however is widely spoken. Bangladesh is heir to a rich cultural legacy. In two thousand or more years of its chequered history, many illustrious dynasties of kings and Sultans ruled the country and have left their mark in the shape of magnificent cities and monuments. The people of Bangladesh are very simple and friendly. A beautiful communal harmony among the different religions has ensured a very congenial atmosphere.More than 75% of the population lives in rural areas. Urbanization has, however, been rapid in the last few decades. 2. 8Population and Demography Bangladesh is now Asia's fifth and world's eighth populous country with an estimated population of about 146 mil lion. Density of population is around 979 per square kilometer, the highest in the world. Rural population comprises about 76% while urban constitutes about 24%. Adult literacy rate is 54% (2006). Census of 2001 reveals that 43 per cent of the population is below 15 years of age.This young age structure constitutes built-in population momentum. Also urban population is increasing quite fast. Though Bangladesh has made progress in reducing poverty and per capita income has been creeping up, a substantial number of population are poor. Progress made in improving Bangladesh's Human Development Index (HDI) has placed her among the medium-ranking HDI countries. Strong policy interventions led to continuous reduction in the annual growth rate of population from the level of 2. 33 % in 1981 to 1. 54 in 2001 and further to 1. 48 (2007). The TotalFartility Rate (TFR) also went down from 3. 4 in 1993-94 to 2. 2 (2007). The CPR (any method) increased from 44. 6% in 1993-94 to 58. 1% in 2004, b ut again fell down to 55. 8% in 2007. Life expectancy at birth has continuously been rising, and is now 65 years (2007) from the level of 58 (1994). Reversing past trends, women now live longer than men. The country, however, is over burdened with about two million new faces every year creating extra pressure on food, shelter, education, health, employment, etc. , and thus making the anticipated economic growth difficult. . 9Health Status Since independence Bangladesh has made significant progress in health outcomes. Infant and Child mortality rates have been markedly reduced. The underfive mortality rate in Bangladesh declined from 151 deaths per thousand live births in 1991 to 65 deaths/1000 live births in 2007 and during the same period infant mortality rate reduced from 94 deaths per 1000 live births to 52. EPI coverage extended its reach from 54% in 1991 to 87. 2% in 2006. The MMR reduced from 574/100,000 live births in 1991 to 290 in 2007.Deliveries attended by skilled birth a ttendants increased from only 5% in 1990 to 20% in 2006. The prevalence of malaria dropped from 42 cases /100,000 in 2001 to 34 in 2005. Bangladesh has also achieved significant success in halting and reversing the spread of tuberculosis (TB). Detection of TB by the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) has more than doubled between 2002 and 2007, from 34 to 92%. The successful treatment of tuberculosis has progressed from 84% in 2002 to 91% in 2007. Polio and leprosy are virtually eliminated. HIV prevalence is still very low.Development of countrywide network of health care infrastructure in public sector is remarkable. However, availability of drugs at the health facilities, deployment of adequate health professionals along with maintenance of the health care facilities remain as crucial issues, impacting on optimum utilization of public health facilities 2. 10Nutrition Status There has been considerable progress in reducing malnutrition and micro nutrient deficiencies i n Bangladesh. According to BDHS, percentage of U5 underweight (6-59 months) has reduced to 46. (2007) from 67 (1990) and that of U5 stunted (24-59 months) from 54. 6 (1996) to 36. 2 (2007). Percentage of children 1-5 years receiving vitamin-A supplements in last six months has increased from 73. 3 (1999-00) to 88. 3 (2007). The rate of night blindness has reduced to 0. 04 per 1000 people (IPHN, HKI 2006). However, in spite of efforts taken by the government, high rates of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies along with gender discrimination remain common in Bangladesh. 2. 11Urban Health ServiceThe urban areas provide a contrasting picture of availability of different facilities and services for secondary and tertiary level health care, while primary health care facilities and services for the urban population at large and the urban poor in particular are inadequate. Rapid influx of migrants and increased numbers of people living in urban slums in large cities are creating con tinuous pressure on urban health care service delivery. Since the launching of two urban primary health care projects, the services have been delivered by the city corporations and municipalities through contracted NGOs in the project's area.Rest of the urban areas and services are being covered by MOHFW's facilities. Moreover, 35 urban dispensaries under the DGHS are providing outdoor patient services including EPI and MCH to the urban population. 2. 12Organizational Setup of MOHFW The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare is one of largest ministries in the country. At the national level, the ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOH&FW) is responsible for policy, planning and decision making at macro level. 2. 12. 1Executing Authorities of MOHFW:Under MOHFW, there are four Directorates General or Directorates, e. g. , Directorate General of Health Services, Directorate General of Family Planning, Directorate of Nursing Services and Directorate of Drug Administration. 2. 13Directorat e General of health Services (DGHS) The Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) is entrusted for the implementation of the policy decisions of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) as regards health service delivery to all the people under the jurisdiction of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.It provides technical guidance to the ministry. DGHS carries out its activities through different directors, line directors, project directors, institution heads, district and upazila health managers and union health staffs. 2. 14Health, Nutrition ; Population Sector Program (HNPSP) The constitution Bangladesh mandates for basic health care services for its people as one of the fundamental responsibilities of the state. Towards this goal, the government has taken different endeavors to extend health facilities to the population.The broader policy document of the Government of Bangladesh that shapes direction of health care is the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) although the current government has indicated that it will go for Five Year Plan. The Government of Bangladesh is running a program through which the health care services are provided to the people from the grass root to the central level. The program is entitled Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Program for the period of July 2003 through June 2010 (HNPSP 2003-2010).The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) designed the Program Implementation Plan (PIP) in accordance with the PRSP to implement its sector wide program popularly known as Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Program (HNPSP). The HNPSP covers 38 Operational Plans (OP) to be implemented by 38 Line Directors and 14 Projects/Programs. The Government has recently decided to continue HNPSP until 2011. The details of the program are well documented in the form of Program Implementation Plan (PIP) duly endorsed at the highest policy level of the government, the Executive Committee for National Ec onomic Council (ECNEC).The Implementing Agency of the program is Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) with its attached departments. The financial involvement is estimated to be around Taka 324,503 million which includes contributions for GOB (Government of Bangladesh) and DPs (Development Partners). 2. 15Priority Objectives and Goal One of the important goals of PRSP and HNPSP is attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The health sector is specially striving for attainment of health related MDGs.The priority objectives of HNPSP are: (i) reducing MMR; (ii) reducing TFR; (iii) reducing malnutrition; (iv)reducing infant and under-five mortality; (v) reducing the burden of TB and other diseases; and (vi) prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases including injuries. The commitment of the government targets towards reaching the goal of sustainable improvement in health, nutrition and family planning status of the people by the end of the program period. It ma y be mentioned here that HNPSP deals with health care service delivery of the public sector.Nevertheless, it strives to maintain a strong cooperation and coordination with the efforts of the Private Sector as well so as to ensure the overall well-being of every citizen of the country. Of the 38 OPs, 7 are under MOHFW, 19 under Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), 9 under Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP), 1 under Directorate of Nursing Services (DNS), 1 under Directorate of Drug Administration (DDA) and 1 under National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) and.Of the 14 projects/programs, 1 is under MOHFW, 9 under DGHS, 1 under DGFP, 2 under DNS and 1 under NIPORT. The Health Bulletin 2009 is an attempt of Management Information System (MIS) of DGHS to provide an overview of the current health profiles of Bangladesh. CHAPTER – 3 Health care delivery systems of Bangladesh Distribution of public health care services and facilities follows similar pattern of administrative tiers, viz. national (mostly capital-based in Dhaka), regional (in divisions), district, upazila, union and ward. The country has 7 divisions, 64 districts, 482 upazillas and 4,498 unions.As the Ministry of health and family Welfare deploys health workforce according to the older ward system, which divides each union into 3 wards. Therefore, number of MOHFW wards is 13,494. Primary health care (PHC), which includes family planning services in the urban area (city corporations and municipalities), is provided by Ministry of Local Government; and in rest of the country by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) provides health care service. Provision of secondary and tertiary care, in both urban divisional directorates with necessary staff. and rural areas, is the sole responsibility of MOHFW.The MOHFW delivers its services through two separate executing authorities, viz. Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and Directorate General of Family Planning (DGFP). The names explain their functions. PHC services of both DGHS and DGFP begin at the ward level through a set of community health staffs, at least one in each ward (Table). To supervise these field staffs, there is one assistant health inspector (for DGHS) and one family planning inspector (for DGFP) at union level. There are several hundred non-bed community facilities to provide outpatient services (1466 for DGHS and 3500 for DGFP).Besides DGFP also operates additional 97 maternal and child welfare centers (MCWCs) (union: 23; upazila: 12; district: 62), 471 MCH-FP clinics (upazila: 407; district: 64), 177 NGO clinics (upazila: 68; district: 104; national: 05), 08 model clinics (national: 02; regional: 06) and organizes 30,000 makeshift satellite clinics per month. The public sector hospital care in Bangladesh is mainly provided by DGHS. Primary level hospital care| Secondary level hospital care| Tertiary level hospital care| Begins through Upazila Health Comp lex (31 to 50 Bed) existing in 418 upazilas. The district hospitals (50 to 375 bed), one each district, provide secondary level hospital care in several specialty areas. | The regional hospital are multidisciplinary tertiary care hospitals (250 to 1700 beds) mostly affiliated with teaching institutes. At the national level, there are postgraduate and specialized hospitals (100 to 600 beds)| 3. 0Divisional level health organization At the divisional level, there is a divisional Director for Health. S/he is the head of a Divisional Directors supervise the activities of the civil Surgeons. 3. 1District level health organizationAt the district level, Civil Surgeon is the health manager. S/he has own administrative office supported by various categories of staff. There is either a Sadar Hospital or a General Hospital in each district head quarter. The Hospital provides services under the management of Civil Surgeon with a view to render out-patient, in-patient, emergency, laboratory and imaging services to the people. The in-patient services internal medicine, general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology and other common specialist clinical services. It is the secondary level referral facility of health services of Bangladesh.Currently there are 59 Sadar district hospitals and 2 General hospitals in the country each having 100-250 bed. 3. 2Upazila level health organization Upazila Health Complex (UHC) is another fixed service delivery point next to district level hospital. It provides the first level referral services to the population. In each UHC, there are posts for 9 (nine) doctors including one Upazila Health and Family Planning Officer (UHFPO). UHFPO is the Chief Health Officer of upazila and also Head of the UHC. Other doctors of UHC are Junior Consultants-4, Resident Medical Officer-1, Assistant Surgeons (MO)-2 and Dental Surgeon-1.There are 418 Upazila Health Complexes (UHC) in the country of which 153 are 50bed and rests are 31-bed. UHC provides out-patient , in-patient and emergency services, limited diagnostic and imaging services, emergency obstetric care, contraceptive services and dental care. 3. 3Union level health organization There are four types of static health facilities in the union level. These are Rural Health Centers (RHC, 10-bed hospital), Union Sub-centers (USC), Union Health and Family Welfare Centers (UHFWC) and Community Clinics (CC). There are 22 RHCs, in each of these, there are sanctioned posts of 20 staffs.RHC provides both out-patient and inpatient services. In an USC, there is sanctioned posts for one medical officer, one medical assistant, one pharmacist and one MLSS. Number of USC is 1,362; that for UHFWC is 87. Under HPSP, Government planned for establishing one Community Clinic for every 6000 rural populations. Number of CCs so far built is 11,883. But, these were not made functional. Recently Government has decided to start the CCs again. The total number of CCs will be 18000. The existing UHCs and Union level facilities will also provide services of CCs in the respective communities.So,13,500 additional CCs will be required. The main health workforce in the union level is the domiciliary staff called health assistants. They are placed in each ward, which is the lowest and smallest administrative unit of the health sector. They visit the homes of the local people for providing primary health care services and collection of routine health data. The health assistants routinely organize satellite clinics for immunization services. Besides there are other small to large hospitals and special purpose hospitals spread across the country both in rural as well as in urban areas.Under the DGHS, there are altogether 40 teaching/training institutes and 589 small to large hospitals. In Family Planning sector, there are one national research-cum-training institute, two hospital-based training centers, and 32 other training centers (national: 12; regional: 20). Nearly six hundred health managers under DGHS and a similar number under DGFP, from national to upazila levels, play roles in administering the health and family planning services (1,17). This figure does not include the institute and clinic/hospital heads. CHAPTER – 4Facility Based Health Services Hospital service is one of the important activities of health sector, which is the most visible health service also. This chapter of the Health Bulletin 2009 will provide an overview of the hospitals and their bed capacity as well as utilization based on the information from January through December of 2008. 4. 0Hospitals by bed capacity There are 585 hospitals ranging from 10 beds to 1,700 beds under DGHS currently. All of these hospitals provide a total of 37,090 beds. The table below gives a detail profile. No. f hospitals by bed capacity and total beds under DGHS Sl. No. | Bed capacity | No. of hospitals in this type | Total beds | 1 | 1700 beds | 1 | 1700 | 2 | 1010 beds | 1 | 1010 | 3 | 900 beds | 1 | 900 | 4 | 800 beds | 1 | 800 | 5 | 600 beds | 5 | 3000 | 6 | 500 beds | 3 | 1500 | 7 | 414 beds | 1 | 414 | 8 | 375 beds | 1 | 375 | 9 | 250 beds | 19 | 4750 | 10 | 200 beds | 2 | 400 | 11 | 150 beds | 3 | 450 | 12 | 100 beds | 53 | 5300 | 13 | 80 beds | 1 | 80 | 14 | 56 beds | 1 | 56 | 15 | 50 beds | 158 | 7900 | 16 | 31 beds | 271 | 8401 | 17 | 30 beds | 1 | 30 | 8 | 25 beds | 1 | 25 | 19 | 20 beds | 43 | 860 | 20 | 10 beds | 22 | 220 | | Total = | 589 | 3817138171| Type of hospitals Following list gives an overview of the type of hospitals currently in operation under DGHS Type of hospitals | No. of hospitals | Total bed capacity | Postgraduate institute hospital | 7 | 2014 | Dental college hospital | 1 | 20 | Hospital for alternative medicine | 2 | 200 | Medical college hospital | 14 | 8685 | Mental hospital, Pabna | 1 | 500 | Shekh Abu Naser Specialized Hospital | 1 | 250 | Narayanganj 200 bed Hospital | 1 | 200 |Specialized Health center (Asthma ; Burn unit) | 2 | 150 | Sarkari karmoc hari hospital | 1 | 100 | Chest hospital | 12 | 566 | Infectious disease hospital | 5 | 180 | Leprosy hospital | 3 | 130 | District Level Hospital | 60 | 8100 | 50 bed hospital(Tongi, Saidpur) | 2 | 100 | 100 bed hospital (Narsingdi) | 1 | 100 | 25 bed hospital (Jhenidah) | 1 | 25 | Bangladesh korea moitree hospital | 1 | 20 | Upazila health complex | 421 | 15958 | Health complex (31 bed) | 3 | 93 | 20 bed hospital | 28 | 560 | 10 bed hospital | 22 | 220 | Postgraduate Institute Hospitals all are national level hospitals and are located in Dhaka) Total = 7 | No. of beds | | Total | Revenue | Develop. | Proposed | Beds will Increase | 1. National Institute of Chest Disease and Hospital (NIDCH) | 600 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2. National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD) | 414 | 250 | 164 | 0 | 0 | 3. National Institute of Traumatology and Rehabilitation (NITOR) | 500 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital (NICR;H) | 50 | 50 | 0 | 250 | 200 | 5 Na tional Institute of Ophthalmology (NIO) | 250 | 250 | 0 | 0 | | 6.National Institute of Kidney Disease and Hospital (NIKDU) | 100 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 7. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMHR) | 100 | 50 | 50 | 0 | | Total = | 2014 | 1700 | 314 | 250 | 200 | Medical College Hospitals of Teaching Hospitals of equivalent level (Regional hospitals and are used as undergraduate and postgraduate teaching hospitals). Division | District | Name of hospital (Total = 17) | No. of beds | | | | Beds | Revenue | Develop. | Proposed | Bed will increase | Barisal | Barisal | Sher-e-Bangla Medical College Hospital | 00 | 600 | 0 | 1000 | 400 | Chittagong | Chittagong | Chittagong Medical College Hospital | 1010 | 1010 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Comilla | Comilla Medical College Hospital | 250 | 250 | 0 | 500 | 250 | Dhaka | Dhaka | Dhaka Medical College Hospital | 1700 | 1700 | 0 | 2000 | 300 | | | Sir Salimullh Medical College Hospital | 600 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | Shahid Suhrawardy Hospital, Dhaka | 37 5 | 375 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | Homoeopathic Degree College ; Hospital | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | Unani ; Ayurvadic College ; Hospital | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | | Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka | 20 | 20 | 0 | 200 | 180 | | Faridpur | Faridpur Medical College Hospital | 250 | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Mymensingh | Mymensingh Medical College Hospital | 800 | 800 | 0 | 1000 | 200 | Khulna | | Khulna Medical College Hospital | 250 | 250 | 0 | 500 | 250 | Rajshahi | Bogra | SZR Medical College Hospital | 500 | 500 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Dinajpur | Dinajpur Medical College Hospital | 250 | 250 | 0 | 500 | 250 | | Rajshahi | Rajshahi Medical College Hospital | 600 | 600 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Rangpur | Rangpur Medical College Hospital | 600 | 600 | 0 | 1000 | 400 | Sylhet | Sylhet | MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital | 900 | 900 | 0 | 1000 | 100 | Total = | 8905 | 8905 | 0 | 7700 | 2330 | Specialized Centers under DGHS with bed capacity (Year 2008) Division | District | Name of hospital (Total = 2) | No. of beds | | | | Beds | Revenue | Develop. | Proposed | Bed will increase | Dhaka | Dhaka | 1. National Asthma Center at NIDCH | 100 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | | | 2. Burn Unit | 50 | 0 | 50 | 200 | 150 | Total = | 150 | 0 | 150 | 200 | 150 | | | 4. 1BSMMU Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) is the premier Postgraduate Medical Institution of the country. It bears the heritage to Institute of Postgraduate Medical Research (IPGMR)which was established in December 1965.In the year 1998 the Government converted IPGMR into a Medical University for expanding the facilities for higher medical education and research in the country. It has an enviable reputation for providing high quality postgraduate education in different specialties. The university has strong link with other professional bodies at home and abroad. The university is expanding rapidly and at present, the university has many departments equipped with modern technology for service, teaching and research. Besides educ ation, the university plays the vital role of promoting research activities in various discipline of medicine. Since its inception, the university has also been delivering general and specialized clinical service as a tertiary level healthcare center.The university provides patient care services on various disciplines like Psychiatry, Physical medicine, Pediatrics, Neonatology, Pediatric neurology, Pediatric surgery, Clinical pathology, Dermatology, Colorectal surgery, Nephrology, Urology, Neurology, Neuro-Surgery, Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Ophthalmology, ENT, Obstetrics ; gynecology, Surgery, Hepatobiliary Surgery, dentistry, and blood transfusion services. It provides different treatment services like Intensive Care, Lithotripsy, Pain management and diagnostic services like radiology, endoscopy, CT scan ; MRI and a one-stop laboratory service. BSMMU runs Institute of Nuclear Medicine (INM). INM is a joint project of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission and BS MMU. The INM has modern diagnostic and therapeutic facilities including computerized ultrasonography, gamma camera and a well equipped radioimmunoassay (RIA) laboratory.This is considered to be the best center for noninvasive diagnoses. 4. 2Smiling  Sun  Franchise  Program   (SSFP) The Smiling Sun Franchise Program is a project funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It is intended to complement the wide network of healthcare facilities set up by the Government of Bangladesh resorting to an innovative approach to health care franchising. SSFP is committed to improve the quality of life of all Bangladeshis by providing superior, friendly and affordable health services in a sustainable manner. To achieve relevant health outcomes, SSFP is jointly working with partnering NGOs to convert the existing network into a viable social health system.SSFP objective is to strengthen partnering organization's quality of care while helping them to enhance t heir financial sustainability, thus enabling them to continue serving an important segment of the Bangladeshi society, including the poorest of the poor. Currently 29 NGOs are providing health care services to women, children and through 319 static and 8,500 satellite clinics in 61 districts of Bangladesh. 34 clinics of this network are providing Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) services. This network will continue to expand the volume and types of quality health care under ESD provided to the able-to-pay customers as well as underserved and poor clients. 4. 3Urban Primary Health Care Project (UPHCP-II): About 35 million people representing almost 25 percent of the population of Bangladesh live in urban areas, a large proportion of whom are slum dwellers.The health knowledge of the urban slum dwellers and their access to essential basic health services are low. Children living in urban slums are deprived of education and health care, and vulnerable to violence, abuse and exploitation . On the other hand, high rate of mortality and morbidity exists among women who remain neglected in terms of meeting their basic health needs and ensuring their rights. The Government of Bangladesh is committed to put in place strategies to address the issues of improving the health status of the urban population. This is to be done through improved access to and utilization of efficient, effective and sustainable Primary Health Care Services.The provision of public health services in urban areas is the responsibility of Local Government Bodies by dint of City Corporation Ordinance of 1983 and Pouroshova Ordinance of 1977. For primary health care services delivery, the public sector works in partnership with NGOs and the local government institutions such as the City Corporations and Pouroshovas. The health service delivery mechanism in urban areas involves diverse roles of the government (MOLGRD&C and MOHFW), NGOs and the private sector. CHAPTER – 5 Leading Public Health Pr oblems 5. 0Communicable disease The prevention and control of communicable diseases represent a significant challenge to those providing health-care services in Bangladesh.Sound knowledge on the disease epidemiology is a must for the health service providers in various levels. The Bangladesh population is namely affected by diarrheal diseases, cholera, hepatitis A & E, Malaria, Mycobacterial Disease like Tuberculosis and Leprosy, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Nipah virus infection, etc. Crowding, poor access to safe water, inadequate hygiene and toilet facilities, and unsafe food preparation and handling practices are associated with transmission. Cholera is endemic Bangladesh, between 800 and 1000 cases are usually being recorded daily at the hospital of the ICCDR, B in Dhaka. Hepatitis A and E levels are usually high in the country.Malaria risk exists throughout the year in Bangladesh. Thirteen out of 64 administrative districts are high malaria endemic areas. 98% of all malaria cases reported are from these districts, which are mainly located in the border areas of India and Myanmar. Tuberculosis still remains as a major public health problem, which ranks Bangladesh fifth among the high-TB burden countries in the world. The present revised National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) was launched and field implementation of DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment short course) was started in 1993. Kala Azar or Leishmaniasis or is endemic in Bangladesh and has an incidence of 175 per 100,000 per annum.It is caused by a protozoa which is transmitted from the bite of infected sandfly and may present in cutaneous or visceral forms (particularly common in Bangladesh). Filariasis is a mosquito borne parasitic disease causality urogenital organs, breast, etc. with long arm disability. In Bangladesh, it is endemic in 23 districts, mostly the bordering ones. About 20 million people are already infected, most of whom are incapacitated. Leprosy has been a major health problem in Bangladesh for a long time. Bangladesh was considered a high endemic country and was listed among ten countries with high case load (1992). Leprosy situation has changed globally after 1981 when the Multi Drugs Treatment (MDT) were introduced.Hepatitis A virus infection is common in Bangladesh with a prevalence of about 2% to 7%. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection is less than 1%. Sporadic outbreak is often seen caused by hepatitis E virus infection; but presence of hepatitis D infection is not exactly known. Polio free status prevailed from 2001 until now (June 2009) except a small window period in 2006 when 18 cases of child polio were seen in boarder areas of Bangladesh. it is assumed that these cases were imported from India. Dengue fever/Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DF/ DHF) is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypty mosquito. It is on the increase in South East Asia. Bangladesh reported 100, 000 cases in 2005.However case fatality rate (CFR) remained

Brick House

Look up on urbandictionary.com and you will find,â€Å"The kids who live in are extremely stuck up and think that they are better than everyone because their Dad is CEO of some fortune 500 company or plays golf with Donald Trump. Very preppy and all of the kids there are freakishly good at lax.†I always figured stereotypes were true for a reason, simply because the majority of the people in that designated group act in such a manner. But that’s the key word, majority. What ever happened to the people that don’t quite fit into that cookie cutter category? No, I am not white, wealthy, or remotely skilled at sports. But I did define myself in a community that made me believe at a young age that different was unacceptable.Many outsiders look at ### through a very blurred lens. Sure, they can see the vague outlines of big houses and secure streets, but they are missing the microscopic details. Behind all the extraordinary homes, you can find my unimpressive abode, nestled right on the border of ### and ###. Growing up I felt exactly like a small mediocre home amongst daunting houses. Frankly, I was the outsider. I had dark skin and black hair, where as all my peers had fair skin and light eyes. So, as any misfit pre-teen would do, I sought out an easy solution to my troubles. Step one was to dress according to the status quo. Surprisingly, I was successful inconvincing myself that Uggs, skin tight Abercrombie shirts, and overpriced plaid skirts were fashionable. Step two was to detach myself from every aspect of my Guyanese and Sri Lankan heritage. Finally, step three was to speak and act generically. At the end of this drastic transformation I was no longer myself. Admittedly, I was a carbon copy of everything that initially deteriorated my self esteem. It was not until one fateful day in 9th grade, when I looked in my mirror, that I discovered this fact. I examined myself in that mirror for a long while, pondering the distinct differences between my present and former self. I was ashamed at my synthetic and in genuine exterior. The most disappointing part was the fact that my naked wrist was missing the traditional Buddhist bracelet that was defining to my religion. How could I stoop so low to actually reject my own culture? Although seemingly insignificant, this moment turned my entire life around.As of that instant, I have decided to embrace my combination culture rather than reject it. I am proud to be of Guyanese and Sri Lankan decent because nobody else in my community is. Essentially, there is no need to be that generic stucco house a couple of blocks over. In fact, it’s more rewarding to be fulfilled with a humble home. It doesn’t matter what the exterior of that house is made of, whether it be worn down shingle or luxurious stone. All that matters is the soul that’s within it, the heart that makes that house a home.

Transform an Organisation into a learning organisation Essay

Transform an Organisation into a learning organisation - Essay Example What is really meant by this definition has usually been clarified by offering a list of the various elements of a learning organisation. In other words, a learning organisation is defined via the existence of organisational conditions that favour learning per se. NORDEF is a Defence communication provider; it began making equipment for strategic defence communications systems in Australia in 1988. The company has come a long way since initial conception, remaking itself as a major defence communication provider, a change that hasn't gone unnoticed. NORDEF was recently called the poster boy for companies making the transition into the new economy. Major changes began at NORDEF when James Plant, the company's current president and chief executive, took office in 1997. He saw that the marketplace of defence communications was shifting from a traditional line based technology to sensor to shooter, or satellite based systems. The trick was figuring out how to speed up the process of getting new products and services into the defence market so NORDEF could keep ahead of the fast-paced defence orientated procurement world. In the past, it often took as long as 10-15 years to complete a research and procured developed project to actual in-service us age. Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell's (1991) model of a lea... Processes for Transformation The literature regarding learning organisations is largely prescriptive in nature and proposes how organisations should be designed and managed in order to promote effective learning. Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell's (1991) model of a learning organisation is seemingly the most penetrative of the competing models and probably has therefore become the most popular and widely referred-to model in recent literature. This is the area where theory building has clearly reached the point of synergetic models. There are 11 characteristics of a learning organisation identified in this model and even though these traits are organized differently, they also appear as similar ideas to the five main disciplines': mental models, shared vision, personal mastery, team learning and systems thinking -- which form the foundation of the learning organisation' according to Senge (1990). According to Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell (1991), learning approaches to strategy and participative policy-making are closely connected to policy- and strategy-forming processes referring to the sharing of involvement in these processes. Information systems, formative accounting and control systems, internal exchange of information and reward flexibility are elements within the organisation that may either be a help or hindrance to learning. Equally important factors are enabling structures with loosely structured roles and temporary departmental and other boundaries which create opportunities for individual and business development. The ability to learn by benchmarking in external relationships by using boundary workers and to promote inter-company learning by engaging in a number of

Hispanic in united states Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hispanic in united states - Research Paper Example C. Nelson and Marta Tienda noted, â€Å"Hispanic as a label combines colonized natives and their offspring, foreigners and political refugees under one ethnic umbrella, but coherence of this label is questionable on theoretical and historical grounds† ( Oboler, 1995). It is evident that some researchers have pointed out the political cost of the debate while other researchers have identified its demographic connotations of census definitions since 1930s. The label â€Å"Hispanic† arrives from time of arrival, language, race and minority status (Oboler, 1995). Understanding the ambiguity of the term, Joan Moore and Harry Pachon raised referred to the concept as â€Å"racial minority or simply another predominantly Catholic ethnic group like the Italians for example† (Oboler, 1995). According to Pastora San Juan Cafferty and William McCready, â€Å"policies are created for Hispanics which help some and ham others because there are in one sense no generic Hispanics† ( Oboler, 1995). Revolution in the global economy and its bang in US labor market have opened a new paradigm for immigrants from Latin America. They deal with a fall of industries like clothes making, providing untrained, admission level jobs to recently arrived populations in United States (Oboler, 1995). According to the results of Census 2000 there is a remarkable increase in the Hispanic population form 1990 and has increased from 22 million to 35.2 million. The total Hispanic population is categorized into two groups: A. native Hispanics- those born in US who possess Hispanic heritage and B. foreign born Hispanics they either have or do not possess US citizenship. It is estimated that both these categories contributed to the increase in Hispanic population, but the foreign born Hispanic population experienced surprising growth in their population owing to the enhanced immigration (Grieco,

Legal Issues of Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Issues of Business Organizations - Essay Example The leave is only given because of three reasons; First, in case of birth or the employee has to take care of the employee’s eligible child or, when the employee has to provide foster care or adopt a child. Second, if the employee has to offer care to his/her immediate member of the family, including child, spouse and parent whose health condition is serious. Third, if the employee has to take care of own health condition that is serious according to the physician. During this period, the employee is not eligible to get his salary, but entitled to group health advantages. Considering the provisions, the twins were eligible children of the Employee A; he was entitled to a maximum leave of 12 weeks. As well, employee A’s spouse gave birth to twins prematurely, meaning that, it might have caused serious health complications. Therefore, he was obliged to stay with her as she recovered from her health condition. Since the Act provides for an employee to take care of spouseâ €™s health, the leave was justified. According to the Act, the leave is unpaid. Therefore, Employee A was wrong to request for the withheld salary. The manager acted within the legal requirement for not approving payment to the employee who was granted leave under such circumstances. In situation A, the act was not violated. Section B Analysis of situation B regarding the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 According to the provisions of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), the employees who have reached 40 years, or older than that age are protected in the workplace (EEOC, B, 2008). It prohibits all forms employment discrimination in relation to the employee’s age. Under the act, it is illegal to discriminate the employee about his/her age from enjoying the privileges, terms and conditions of employment, such as hiring, compensation, firing, benefits, promotion, job assignments, layoff, and training (EEOC, B, 2008). The Act also provides that , the older employees should be favored with such employment privileges, terms and conditions, even if the practice would affect the junior workers, below the age of 40 years (EEOC, B, 2008). In addition, the Act prohibits retaliatory actions on the employees who are opposed to the discriminative practices on gender, or someone who has filed a discrimination petition on age factors, testified against such discriminatory acts, and investigating such practices (EEOC, B, 2008). Considering situation B, it was illegal to discriminate Employee B on employment promotion simply because he/she was 68 years. From the situational analysis, Employee B has been in the company of 42 years and his/her performance record was above average. This might be as a result of the long experience that he/she had in the company. Indeed, the employee seems to have mastered the ways of doing the work effectively, which resulted to exemplary performance. Therefore, promoting a younger worker whose performance was only adequate, because he/she was 32, years contravened the provisions of the Act. The management of the company should have favored the older employee because he was above average and the law protects them from all forms discrimination regarding the employees age. Precisely, the law

Gangs and gang behavior - week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gangs and gang behavior - week 5 - Essay Example Page 126 shows a list of all the problems in communities such as availability of firearms, violence and other problems. These problems lead to other problems for the members of the society, such as children as noted in page 127, for children between 12 years to 17 years. For example, it is well-known that the gang members in a society who are the most vicious and violent are usually the ones who are usually respected and praised by other members and even some members of the society. In disorganization theory, a child gets influence from existing members in the society. If the child gets exposed to such attitudes or beliefs, believing that the most violent gang member is the most respected, then this child also adopts the same trend, as noted in page 128 on risk factors. This is where the developmental theory comes in, because such a child who is under the wrong influence views the gang life as the best choice. Therefore, it is not surprising to see such a child failing in school and adopting the gangster-like behavior while trying so that he or she also gets the same respect. In chapter 5, page 119, Howell clearly states that the development theories explain more on gang joining, as part of a development process. As child, such as the one mentioned in the example who joins a gang because of influence from the neighborhood gangs is also likely to influence other children, such as his or her friends. Therefore, it becomes a development process as proposed in the development theories, because more children continue to join

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Project Management - Essay Example There must be a staunch and dedicated leader, behind the excellence of any initiated project within the society. All the benefits behind the projects emanates from good leadership. I would want to be a team leader in the community development funds board to help in the coordination and initiation of community based development projects. The project management can help in the achieving my goals. It will enable me to schedule my entire project plan and tackle them chronologically to achieve the predefined goals. The project management would equip me with required management skills for the success of a project in progress. As project leader, I would ensure that all the key plans for success are in control. For example, clarification of the objectives, before the start of the project, it must be subject to review by the team leaders. Development of the plan would help in managing the project in phases, making it easy to accomplish a bigger task in smaller bits (Carroll 10). The risk management plans enable the planning and implementation of precautionary measures that can inhibit the smooth evolution of the proposed project. I would engage in management and motivation of team members to ensure team cohesion in achieving the goals. Effective leadership demands four types of intelligence including intellectual, physical, emotional, and spiritual intelligence to institutionalize moral

Evidence Base Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence Base Nursing - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  Ms Ward has the ethical responsibility of making sure that the subjects or participants are not exposed to any kind of harm, direct or indirect when the research is being conducted. She bears the responsibility of safe guarding the subjects and patients from any kind of harm including physical, social, mental, spiritual and financial.This paper outlines that in the given scenario above, it seems logical to increase the costs of the study than compromise the quality of the data. In case Ms. Ward does have and can use some funds allocated to the study and research, by having nurse to go to the homes of these men for the collection of data and samples. Burdens and benefits should be distributed fairly and looking at the plight of these old and troubled men, it seems only fair that their burdens are reduced. Since all these patients do not appear to be well off, Ms Ward should ask for a change in protocol and get permission for a nurse to visit these m en for the collection of samples and data.  From the case study above, it is apparent that the group of male subjects belongs to â€Å"vulnerable population†, â€Å"those unable or incapable of giving informed consent or those who may be at high risk for unintended consequences†.  The men are undergoing chemotherapy and their disease has progressed and can be categorized as â€Å"terminally ill persons†.  It is Ms Ward’s ethical duty to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of the research with this vulnerable group.... Nurses may play distinct roles including those of researchers, data collectors, managers, practitioners or any third party witnessing research activity (The Royal College of Nursing Research Society: nurses and research ethics, 2003). Regardless of the role played by nurses, it is essential for them to review their actions and their impact on "vulnerable subjects or participants" (The Royal College of Nursing Research Society: nurses and research ethics, 2003). This paper aims to analyze a specific ethical concern faced by a nurse responsible for collecting data from a subject of elderly males undergoing chemotherapy. Would it be ethical to compromise the quality of the data or to increase the costs of the study Please explain clearly Why As the principle investigator, Ms Ward is familiar with the ethical principles and the human rights of the subject. It is also Ms Ward's responsibility to ensure that appropriate decisions as and when changes are noticed in the condition of the patients while the study is conducted. Ms Ward also bears the responsibility of sharing any important patient related health information with the review board and the protocol committee so that accurate decisions may be taken (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, Web). Before coming to any strong conclusion, it is important to judge the scenario presented in the case above. The trial is funded by millions of dollars every year Patients are severely ill and are receiving chemotherapy The disease has progressed The men are elderly and have difficulty in moving around Before all else, Ms Ward has the ethical responsibility of making sure that the subjects

Uses of Water Essay Example for Free

Uses of Water Essay 1. For drinking and for life processes. On an average, a man consumes about 60,000 to 80,000 litres of water in his lifetime. The body of an adult contains nearly 40 to 50 litres of water at any given time and water constitutes about 66% of the average body make up. Aqueous solutions fill the cells in the body. Nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic waste products are transported by blood, which is mostly water. Digested food is absorbed in the form of an aqueous solution. In plants too nutrients are transported in the form of aqueous solutions. 2. In agriculture Plants absorb their nutrients from the soil in the form of dilute aqueous solutions. Much of the worlds food crops are now grown under irrigation i.e. where regular water supply is diverted from dams, rivers, lakes etc. 3. In food industry Water is the common medium used all over the world to prepare various types of foods i.e., for cleaning of food, cooking with/in water: preservation (freezers, fridges etc.) washing and cleaning of utensils, hands etc. 4. In bathing, washing, cleaning, sanitation etc. 5. In industries Chemical industries are the greatest consumers of water; for instance, 170 litres of water is needed to manufacture just 1 kg of steel and about 144 tons of water is needed to produce one ton of paper. 6. For hydro-electric power production. 7. For transportation as well as recreation. Transportation by sea and recreation such as swimming, fishing, sailing and other water sports are the important means of using water. 1. For cooking food, for cleaning and drinking. 2. For cultivating food. 3. For transport and recreation. 4. For cleaning. 5. For plants and animals to live in. 6. For factories, industries and power stations Sources of water: Sources of fresh water Surface water Main article: Surface water Lake Chungarà ¡ and Parinacota volcano in northern Chile  Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface seepage. Although the only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its watershed, the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil beneath these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water lost. Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on these factors. Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining we tlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing stream flow. The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many farms require large quantities of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. To supply such a farm with water, a surface water system may require a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year and release it in a short period of time. Other users have a continuous need for water, such as a power plant that requires water for cooling. To supply such a power plant with water, a surface water system only needs enough storage capacity to fill in when average stream flow is below the power plants need. Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a watershed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from that watershed. Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a canal or pipeline. It can also be artificially augmented from any of the other sources listed  here, however in practice the quantities are negligible. Humans can also cause surface water to be lost (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Brazil is the country estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia and Canada.[4] Under river flow Throughout the course of the river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and true ground-water receiving water from the ground water when aquifers are fully charged and contributing water to ground-water when ground waters are depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common. Ground water Main article: Groundwater Sub-Surface water travel time Shipot, a common water source in Ukrainian villages Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer (sometimes called fossil water). Sub-surface water can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage. The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, sub-surface water storage is generally much larger compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use sub-surface water unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences. Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a sub-surface water source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source. The natural input to  sub-surface water is seepage from surface water. The natural outputs from sub-surface water are springs and seepage to the oceans. If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a sub-surface water source may become saline. This situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland. In coastal areas, human use of a sub-surface water source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization. Humans can also cause sub-surface water to be lost (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Humans can increase the input to a sub-surface water source by building reservoirs or detention ponds. Desalination Main article: Desalination Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf. Frozen water An iceberg as seen from Newfoundland Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty purposes. Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water. The Himalayas, which are often called The Roof of the World, contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia’s largest rivers flow from there, and more than a billion people’s livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are rising more rapidly here than the global average. In Nepal the temperature has risen with 0.6 degree over the last decade, whereas the global warming has been around 0.7 over the last hundred years. Sources Of Water 1. Rainwater. 2. Springs. 3. Rivers and lakes. 4. Surface wells. 5. Deep or artesian wells. Rain water takes up the dust and gases from the air, and organic matter from the roofs over which it is collected. The long storing in a cistern gives bacteria opportunity to grow in large numbers, causing the water to be unsafe for drinking purposes. Springs are a source of pure water supply if they are not contaminated by passing through soil which is polluted. Rivers and lakes are a common source of water supply, but they may be made very unfit for drinking if the surface water and sewage from towns and cities is allowed to drain into them. Surface wells are a very unsafe source of drinking water supply, and the water should never be used when there are cesspools, drains, barnyards, or any other sources of contamination within a radius of 200 feet of them. Deep artesian wells furnish pure water as a rule, unless the piping is not tightly jointed, when impure water from a subsoil stream near the surface may enter the pipes. Ice Freezing has little effect upon bacteria except to lessen temporarily their vitality. When the ice melts, the bacteria may again become active. Ice made by artificial means from distilled water is the only pure ice. For cooling drinking water, the water should be placed on the ice and the ice should not be put into the water. Hard And Soft Water Soft water is water in which no mineral matter is dissolved. Hard water is water in which such minerals as lime, magnesium, and iron are dissolved. Boiling precipitates some of the mineral matter, thus tending to soften the water. This mineral deposit may be seen on the inside of a teakettle. Hard water that is to be used for cleansing purposes may be softened by the addition of washing soda, borax, ammonia, potash, or soda lye.

Mother Teresa And Martin Cooper Leadership Styles History Essay

Mother Teresa And Martin Cooper Leadership Styles History Essay According to the Beahvioral Theories of leadership, successful leader is based in definable, learnable behavior. Leaders are not only born but they can also be made. This assignment is based on social cognitive theory of behavior by Bandura and Walters. This theory is about self efficacy comprising three common factors that are People, Environment and Behavior. It also explains the behavior of the people that they acquire at certain situation. Main focus of the theory is on the self efficacy, goal orientation, confidence, and emotions, participation, cooperation and making broad vision to face certain situation. 3. Leadership examples: This assignment explains the leadership behavior of the leaders in different fields. The following examples of leadership are showing the traits, abilities and skills of the leaders. Leadership behavior of different leaders has been identified in three different areas of life i.e. Economic, Social and Technology etc. 3.1. Economic leaders: Economically developed countries have been able to reduce their poverty level, strengthen their social and political institutions, and improve their quality of life, pressure natural environments and achieve political stability. Economic leadership is also related to enhance the economic growth of the country. Economic leadership is about runningthe country with prosperity, equality, belief in values and political stability etc. The examples used here to describe the economic leadership qualities are Warren Buffett and Henry Clinton: 3.1.1. Warren Buffett: Warren Buffett is known as the Guru of investment. He is the superior business leader and American investor which is often known as Oracle of Omaha or the Sage of Omaha. He is the third richest person in the world ranked by Forbes magazine in September 2007 behind Carlos Slim and Bill Gates. According to Spindler (2011) Warren Buffett as a child loved to play with numbers. He remembered the scores of baseball and horseracing odds. At a very early age he started making money. He setup a stand of gum at his home and started selling them to the passersby at the age of five. Later on he also sold lemonade and along with his friends he collected golf balls from local golf course, separates them according to their brand name and do their packaging again for resale purpose. According to social theory of cognition he was a visionary leader. He was a goal oriented person. Warren Buffett learned from his mistakes and always directed his efforts to turn his mistakes into positive signs. His favorite books were about how to make money. Buffett was introduced by his father to the world of stock who opened his own stock brokerage firm. He even bought the shares of Cities Services for himself and for his sister. Here he learned his 1st lesson of life that was the patience. Because he sold those shares earlier in the market without keeping in view the price index changes and when he sold the shares. The price increased to a certain level which gave him a lesson of doing business. Mr. Warren Buffetts investment strategies and leadership style are practical smart thinking examples. The main series of work of Mr. Buffett was to analyze the continual approach of analyzing marketing trends, investment strategies and the ability to place management resources of right aptitude in a right position. Investment needs innovation, risk taking and creativeness that was Buffets approach . (Kalibre, 2006). The idea that Mr. Buffet focus was to compete within the competitive advantage. can be applied in all the fields of life. Mr. Buffetts idea has allowed him to live a continues successful life with minimal stains. He started as a self employed person and today leads a number of business . Buffet approach was to be very honest to his partners and committed to his work. 3.1.2. Henry Clinton: Thinking of the economic leaders the name that plunged into the mind of anyone is Henry Clinton. Hickman (2009) stated that General Henry Clinton was born in 1930 and he was a major General when he returned to America to aid in putting down American Revolution. He also led a failed attack on Charleston and developed a successful plan for the battle of long island. He also took part in Battle of Bunker Hill. In this plan of Bunker Hill British wanted to attack the American defenses to evacuate America and getting hold of it. But America under the leadership of Henry Clinton developed patriotic intentions and stopped the Battle of Bunker Hill. However, the Commander of British Troop worked with Henry Clinton and following his ideas they led a victory at the battle of long island. He also acted as a British Commander-in- Chief in North America. According to theory he had a participative style and emotional as well regarding his aims and objectives. He listened to everyone and tried his level best to resolve their problems. He passed the commission and reached at a higher level. He had the advantage of strong financial background. His communication skills made him to be loved by everyone. 3.2. Social leaders: Social leaders are blessing for the people. They devote their lives and talents for the well being of their nations and for improving their society. The main purpose of the social leaders is to protect freedom, keep peace and ensure the prosperity for the people of their country. The examples that are used to describe the social behavior of leaders are Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. 3.2.1. Mahatma Gandhi: Ray (1969) stated the behavior of Mahatma Gandhi the great Socialist. He thought to be a conservative person hating the modernized system of the Western Culture. He was truly in the favor of peasants and labors. He was religious person focusing not only on the philosophy of Hindu culture but also the socialism. He did not want the modern culture in India. He wanted India to be a nation of prosperity and peace and well sufficient in political and economic resources. Gandhi did not like the socialist culture of West and the Russian Communism because he wanted a system of Communism and socialism based on nonviolence system supported by harmonization and cooperation between landlords and masses, labor and capital. Gandhi was a true revolutionist and belief in reactionary efforts. His thought was very positive that he wanted to clear the hearts of the labors and landlords and wanted to bring a revolution in the labor capital work force. Gandhi also played an important role in drawing the large number of women population into the stream of the freedom movement. He was in the favor of women as a working lady. His ideas about women changed the reforms about the women that were made in 19th century. He saw the potential force in women and he knew that women could be a better helping hand in the development of new social order in the economy. He did his best to articulate the power of the women and struggled hard to bring the women in power to do something for the welfare of nation. Although he was somehow disappointed by the ideas of other leaders who believed in this fact that women are only for household chores. He was instrumental in creating a situation in which women can come out the spheres of domesticity (Kishwar, 1985). Rivett (1965) argued that the role played by Mahatma Gandhi in achievements of Indias freedom and in challenging the traditional place of untouchables in Hindu society is generally recognized. His ideas were very unique that the Western people also adopted his ideas to have a decentralized economy. Behavioral theory proved that he was confidence about his movements and about his doings. He was very cooperative with his fallows and always made objectives while achieving his aims 3.2.2. Mother Teresa: Famous People (no date) represent that Mother Teresa was the gift of God to humanity. She devoted much of her life for the prosperity of the poor and destitute. She was famous for serving the poor and destitute. She got a Noble peace Prize laureate. She worked for the destitute people living in the slums of Kolkata. She also acted as a Roman Catholic Nun and established centre for AIDS patients and also founded a Missionaries of Charity. Mother Teresa was very helpful in nature in the early age of life. Her real name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She made herself busy in worship and prayers. At the age of eight her father died and she saw the turning position of her family facing the financial crisis. This was the first time when she took a step towards missionary work to carry the burden of her family. She wanted to spread the lesson of love and compassion throughout the world. For this sacred purpose she decided to become a Catholic nun. She worked as a teacher in St. Marys High School and was called as Mother Teresa when she made a final profession of guarantee to become the spouse Jesus Eternity. According to theory she was very participative and emotional lady and had self confidence of doing something. Whatever she achieved was based only on her self efficacy and power to do something. Hitchens (1995) argued that image and perception of the person is everything and those who are inborn with these qualities have the potential to create their own myth and bring the revolution in social life. Mother Teresa was one of those who were inborn with these two qualities. She knew what she wanted to do. She never allowed anyone to write a book on her biography but she wanted the whole nation to be as powerful as she was, she allowed writing the biography and she told that her deeds are not going to end even after her death. 3.3. Technological leaders: Technological leadership is about strategic tech planning process. It is about having a social change within the country. Effective technology leader should maximize the relationship with various people and empower others to invest and involved in planning and modifying technology (Osten, 2001). Two most famous leaders who make the world largest advancements in the field of technology are Steve Jobs and Martin Cooper. 3.3.1 Steve Jobs: Steve Jobs the founding father of Apple computer was born in California on February 24th, 1955. He created a new world industry. He was a visionary leader. He always wanted to achieve something only related to him. As a leader he was a freedom fighter, a pirate and an autocrat. Steve and Bill Gated born in the same year and both bring the revolution in technology. Steve was known as the father of world Personal Computers revolution while the bill Gates was known as the father of soft ware industry. He acted as a freedom fighter against IBM movement. He was the leader in the field of personal computing (Wright, 2006). Woopidoo Biographies Business Leaders (no date) argued about the success of Steve Jobs and explained that he was object oriented and committed person. He found the basis for operating system. Although he was known as a business and sales wizard, but now all the electronic inventions has raised the name of Steve Jobs at a higher level. He started doing job at his early life at Hewlett Packard Company. Steve Jobs also created a company called NeXT and designed aesthetic interpersonal computing. He also focused on software development and email and World Wide Web development. People recognized him because of his ethical behavior and believed tamper toward his work. He was very confident about his work and very mature thinker. Behavioral theory of leadership proved that he was emotionally stable person. He was visionary hand goal oriented person. When his company went into bankruptcy he showed a very impressive and emotionally stable attitude. He was a true creative thinker and technological leader He was very bold and intellectual person. His thinking was broad. He looked beyond the imagination of ordinary people. He was born to be successful. He was very helpful and provided a working hand to grow Apple from a company to a successful industry today. He also helped in development of new electronic devices i.e. ipod, iphone and other personal devices. He was awarded a National Technology medal from President Reagan before founding NeXT, Jefferson Award for public Service and Entrepreneur of the Decade by Inc. magazine (Vader, 1998). 3.3.2. Martin Cooper: Martin Cooper is the name that comes into ones mind while thinking about the foremost important technological advancement in the world economy that is the cell phone. He is considered to be the pioneer of first portable handset and also the first person to make a call on portable handset. Cooper ideas were based on ease of the people. His main purpose of inventing mobile phone was to create an ease for the business personals as well as for the ordinary person while communicating with their fellows. This idea enabled him to make a device that can help the people to communicate their buddies at every place. Wendy (2010) reported that he had a very broad vision. He did not only want to create a cell phone that can help to contact with any one at any place. While designing the idea that came into his mind he thought about all aspects of this invention. He kept in min all the pros and cons. He was a visionary leader with a broad vision. He worked with many researchers and inventors and spread his invention in different areas of life. He had a very wide list of his inventions. He provided a helping hand to a researcher named Richard Roy and founded ArrayComm company which was more efficient in cellular communication and antennae was used to make internet more people friendly. He spent all his life in developing and inventing the new technologies related to communicating. His achievements and leaderships styles were all based on cognitive theory of leadership. He set the goals before taking steps and involved his partner to be his fellows during his project. As a visionary leader his mind ma de him alert before the right time about the increasing demand of internet broadband. So his work on broadband internet availability had taken a big step forward and made the people having the access of internet more feasible, inexpensive and practical way of communicating.

The Characters in A Streetcar Named Desire Essay -- A Streetcar Named D

A Streetcar Named Desire is a classic tragedy written by Tennessee Williams, which earned him the Pulitzer Prize as well as many other awards. This brilliant play explores many important themes and issues. The main recurring theme Williams explores to the readers is the conflict between fantasy and reality, honesty and lies. However, sexuality, violence, and social differences also shape the action of the plot, in which they contribute to the effect of the characters of the play. The three main characters, Blanche Dubois, Stella Kowalski, and Stanley Kowalski, have different ways of dealing with the said conflicts in their harsh surroundings in which they live in, as they all face different crisis. Blanche, who suffers from emotional and inner conflict, is caught between two worlds and tries to escape reality and the truth as much as she possibly can with her imagination. Stella on the other hand, is a naà ¯ve and sensitive character, and may be considered to be the protagonist of t he play. Stella tries to ignore the truth going on around her, and as harsh as they may be, she accepts them. Stanley, who is an aggressive, dominant, and sexual character, uses violence to receive his desire, no matter the cost. Throughout this play, Blanche, Stella, and Stanley try to survive and deal with reality in different ways in order to satisfy their desire. Blanche DuBois is the most interesting character in A Streetcar Named Desire. This is because she has an amazing ability of making her fantasy seem like reality. From the beginning of the play, Blanche is already represented as an unstable woman. She has lost her fortune and residence due to creditors, and has turned to her younger sister for nurture. As the play develops, Blanche’s tr... ...of the two worlds was sent to a mental institution. Stanley on the other hand, is a very controlling and brute character. He believes that he is the master of his house and that everything should be going according to him. When he feels like his superiority is threatened, he uses violence to retain his power. He does anything and everything to maintain his dominance. After raping and sending Blanche to a mental institute, he feels that he has completed his revenge from her, and is once again the master of his home and wife. Stella suffers from her husband’s bad temper. Despite that Stanley uses violence to get her to obey. However, she has now accustomed to his aggressive ways and has gotten along with the harsh reality surrounding her. Even after hearing that her husband raped her sister, she chose to believe the guilty and punish the innocent by sending her away.

In The Movie tombstone, Friendship Comes In Different Forms :: essays research papers

In the Movie "Tombstone", Friendship Comes in Different Forms Friendship between two people can come in many different forms. In a companionship you could just be acquaintances, where at one time or another someone might have done something for you that might have changed your life for the better. To this individual you feel as if you owe them a favor in return. For this reason you would always help them in their time of need. In the movie Tombstone, Wyatt Earp was the only amigo that Doc Holiday ever had. So no matter when Wyatt was in trouble Doc was always there for him. For example the time all of Wyatts' brothers were murdered and Wyatt took revenge on the people who did it. So, even though on his death bed, Doc Holiday, got up and went with Wyatt to help him slay them. This is one way that a friendship can form between two people. A further example of the friendship between Wyatt and Holiday was when the Dalton gang had come into town with their guns and went into the O.K. Corral. They were going to get Wyatt for killing one for their brothers. Doc knew that Wyatt might of been killed if he went there on his own. So again, even though not in the best of health, Doc went to help Wyatt out. Another type of friendship is the one that came between John Oakhurst and young Tom Simson in the story of The Outcast of Poker Flat. In this camaraderie the two men were in a poker game and young Simson lost all of his money to Oakhurst. After the game Oakhurst pulled him aside and gave him his money back and a little lecture on not to gamble any more. By this he made a slave (friend) for life. A few months later when Oakhurst became exiled out of

The Fallacy of Minority Discrimination in Sports :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Fallacy of Minority Discrimination in Sports When someone flips through the channels on a TV and they happen to pause on a sports game, they will most likely see a small number of white athletes. The next thing that they might see is a commercial trying to tell them that minorities in sports are being discriminated. This is not the case. There is no racial discrimination against minorities in sports. There is a much higher percentage of minorities than White-Americans in more than just one professional sport. There are also a number of high-ranking officials in sports that are minorities. Franchises pay money to the athletes that are most qualified to be put on the team; not to athletes that are not minority. It wasn't until 1947, when Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier of Major League Baseball (Northeastern...). This marked the introduction of minorities into professional sports. Today, the numbers of minorities in most sports far exceeds the numbers of White-Americans. Yet some minorities feel that they are being discriminated against. Franchises of professional sports teams fork out millions of dollars to minority athletes every year. When dealing with huge amounts of money there is no question about discriminating against minorities. Franchises wouldn't pay out millions of dollars to athletes that aren't qualified. Athletes are constantly being traded and released from teams. These athletes may be of minority gender, but they are definitely not being traded or released because of race. They are most likely going to end up at another team that will pay them a good deal of money. The question of minorities holding head-coaching jobs is often heard in the sports world. As of 1997, there were only three minority head coaches in the National Football League (NFL). All three of these coaches are African- American (New York Amsterdam News). Some people say that there should be more African-American head coaches in sports that are dominated by African-Americans. The three minority head coaches coach one-tenth of the teams that are in the NFL. One-tenth of the general population of theUnited States is made up of native-born African-Americans (Barret). So, one could say that one-tenth of the population is coaching one-tenth of the NFL teams; an equal ratio. Some minorities speak out and ask why there are not more high-ranking offices being held by minorities. There are other high offices that are obtained by minorities.

Child and Young Person Develpment Essay

There are certain areas in which a child can develop starting from birth till 19 years. The physical development refers of body development, the motor skills, the co-ordination between the hand and the eye. The social and emotional development includes the relations and the social skills, the feelings for the others and the self –confidence. The intellectual development includes the understanding of the information, the logical thinking and the reasoning. The language development means the speech development which begins from one word to complex sentences. There are some transitions periods from one stage to another which are called milestones. These stages are divided in the most important ages: * 0-3 years * 3-7 years * 7-12 years * 12-19 years At the beginning of a child life I mean from birth till age of three the physical development is concentrated on the perception of sounds and familiar faces like mum and dad faces, their voices, starting sitting, start to walk, feed himself, starting to play, holds crayon in one hand and starting doing marks on paper. The social and emotional development for the child from birth till 3 years it has on the centre of the universe the mother, which feeds him, smiles on her face, depends on her affection, later on he starts to play with children but he stills needs the adult reassurance and attention. Intellectual he realise that others are separate beings and he is another soul. On language the child starts first to make happy sounds, after the age of one year he will begin to use words and after try to create sentences. After 3 years the child starts to jump, run, ride a bicycle, catches a ball, start using pencil, paints and doing buttons and shoe laces. He becomes independent and more sociable and friendly with others, responsible for himself and others. He starts to understand the needs of others, the differences between objects and the sameness. In the language he starts to use past tense, he extends his vocabulary, he will tell stories and start to understand books. After age 9 the child will start playing team games. He starts to form friendships after 8 years old. He starts to read to himself. His vocabulary will develop; he will speak fluently, because of reading loud. Adolescence (12-19 years) is the period of detachment of the child of his parents. The boys will start to develop sex characteristics like deep voice, body hair, and muscle growth. The penis growth will start later. The breast of a girl will start to develop around the age of 10 and also her pubic hair. Some girls can reach physical maturity by the age of 13, others by the age of 15. The adolescent is in a continuous changing and he will feel the need of indepen dence, starts to concentrate of their friends more than parents. He starts to create his own personality. The adolescent start to think on his future, his occupation, making a family, children of his own. He can become sarcastic and ironic but he just tests his new language skills. If a child has a learning difficulty that makes harder for him to learn what others children at the same age are already learning than he may need extra support, or other ways of teaching with the help of a computer, images or sounds. So it is recommended that the activity and the progress of the children needs to be checked so any delay of development needs to be tracked on time and the supports offered on time so the child can develop normally like the others of his age. For example if a child has a language delay, this one can affect the others areas like emotional development, he won’t be able to form relationships, he won’t be able to express feelings, speak in front of the class or the teacher. He will develop a poor image of himself, and his self-confidence will diminish. Also if a child h as language development, this will affect his writing area because he will need to speak to be able to write. So is better that this delays in one area are tracked on time and additional support start as soon as necessary so the child can develop normally in all areas. There are some factors which can affect the child development relied on family conditions like health, the motivation and the support offered by the family, the relations between the child and the family, the background from school and his influence and the influence of the community on child actions. The article of Pamela E. Davis-Kean about The influence on parent education and family income on child shows that parent education is important on child achievement. In this article the income of the family don’t affect negatively the achievement of the child in his education the important effect is more the expectations and beliefs of the family, because a family of high and moderate income may have the same expectation on a child like a poor family. Also the mother and her belief is very important, a mother with higher e ducation may have higher expectations on her children achievement. In this article the warm of the mother and her education affect more the child than the lower-income. The reading has a big effect on achievement for a child. So in conclusion the parents are like models for the children. For example a mother who is a doctor is like a model for a girl which can choose maybe the same job, and the mother’s word value a lot for the child by her position. The teacher can be a model for a child for example when I was a child I use to love the French teacher and because I use to like her I start to love French so she become a model for me she determined me by her attitude to chose the university of foreign languages with French the first option. The environment where the child lives can be a strong influence on his education because if his family don’t offer the support and the warm which the child needs he may not be able to concentrate on his study, he can become shy or interiorised he can lose his self confidence and this can have negatives effects on his development. Once the Learning assistant had identified that that a child has special educational needs he must intervene with through the school action. So the child has an Individual education Plan which shows the actions and the pupils that must work with the child so he can achieve the target. A psychologist is consulted for the intervention that must be done on the child. In this individual plan the parents will also support the child. The school can ask for the help of the specialist or the technology a computer or the local authority may be involved. There may get a daily support for a learning support assistant or he may need to learn in a special school. So if such a placement will be chosen the parents will be informed within 12 weeks by the local authority. A disable person is someone who has a physical or mental impairment, is blind, deaf or dumb or is handicapped by an illness on a long term. A disability might enhance learning difficulty that will need for special education needs. But not all the children that are disables need special education needs. The same not all the children with special education needs will be defined as disabled. From the article: The learning Trust’s approach to SEN, Definitions of SEN and Disability I took the schema from next page. Also the learning assistant must be aware to help the child if he has speech problems, because he may be unable to express thoughts, to form relationships, to communicate. It is very important for a practitioner to be able to develop speech, communication, language and identify the children which has communication needs. If a child is identified with having speech, language and communication needs a language a therapist might be involved and the local authorities and the parents. The difficulties with speech affect all the areas of developments like social and emotional, intellectual and the language area. A child who has a speech difficulty, can’t make friends, he is enable to socialise, he is shy and he lacks of confidence, he finds difficult to understand the information, he can’t create correct sentences, he can’t express his ideas and he can’t establish a right communication with other peer.